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caddo madtom
The Caddo madtom (''Noturus taylori'') is a species of fish in the Ictaluridae family. It is endemic to the United States. ''N. taylori'' was named in honor of William Ralph Taylor, U.S. National Museum, in recognition of his contributions to our knowledge of catfishes.〔Douglas, Neil H. 1972. Noturus taylori, a New Species of Madtom (Pisces, Ictaluridae) from the Caddo River, Southwest Arkansas. Copeia 1972: Volume 1972, No. 4, pages 785-789.〕 They average two to four inches in length, and weigh no more than a couple of ounces. ''N. taylori'' species have small to tiny or fragmented ranges, but are mostly found in the Caddo, Ouachita and Little Missouri rivers in southwestern Arkansas.〔Burr, Brooks M., Eisenhour, David J., Grady, James M. 2005. Two New Species of Noturus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) from the Tennessee River Drainage: Description, Distribution, and Conservation Status. Copeia 2005: Volume 2005, No. 4, pages 783-802.〕 Ecological studies indicate that dam and bridge construction poses barriers to dispersal and migration of fishes in the Ouachita Highlands.〔Turner, Thomas F., Robison, Henry W. 2006. Genetic Diversity of the Caddo Madtom, Noturus taylori, with Comments on Factors That Promote Genetic Divergence in Fishes Endemic to the Ouachita Highlands. The Southwestern Naturalist 2006: Volume 51, No 3, pages 338-345.〕 IUCNredlist.org states that better information is needed on life history, reproductive biology, and ecology of the Caddo madtom.〔NatureServe 2013. Noturus taylori. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. . Downloaded on 28 October 2013.〕 This species is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Redlist. Limited range makes this species vulnerable to habitat destruction/degradation from impoundment, pollution, and other factors. Robison and Buchanan (1988) stated that "this rare species should be considered threatened due to loss of habitat".〔Robison, H. W., and Buchanan T. M. 1988. Fishes of Arkansas. University of Arkansas Press.〕 Warren et al. (2000) categorized the species as "threatened" (likely to become endangered throughout all or a significant portion of its range).〔
==Geographic distribution==
''N. taylori'' was known only from the upper Caddo River, a tributary to the Ouachita River, Arkansas.〔 This small madtom is the second species (the other is Etheostoma palidodosum) apparently endemic to the upper water of the Caddo River, Ouachita River drainage,〔Fruge, D. W. 1971. Fishes of the Caddo River, west central Arkansas. M.S., Northeast Louisiana Univ., Monroe, Louisiana.〕 which originates in the Ouachita Mountains of southwestern Arkansas.〔 They were found to appear in the upper Caddo River where the water is much clearer than the lower more turbid reaches below the impounded DeGray Reservoir, which is where their distribution seems to end. They have now been collected from other nearby rivers, the Ouachita and S. Fork Ouachita Rivers, connected to the same watershed.〔 The first known collection of this species was obtained from the Caddo River, near Glenwood, Pike County, on February 21st 1970. Since then, ''N. taylori'' has been collected from the Caddo River in Montgomery Co., Pike Co., and Clark Co., respectively, in southwestern Arkansas.〔 In principle, these fish are vulnerable to extinction by catastrophic watershed-scale environmental disturbance, and their distribution seems to have decreased in response to these vulnerabilities. This might be because species that specialize on headwater habitats might be particularly vulnerable to local extirpation because natural recolonization from adjacent rivers is unlikely.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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